Vietnamese Culture

The primary authors of this profile were the Cultural Atlas Editors, originally published in 2016.
Naming was updated by Nina Evason in 2025, and Religion was updated by Chara Scroope in 2025.

• Achwal, A. (2023, January 5). 100 Vietnamese Names for Girls and Boys. FirstCry Parenting. https://parenting.firstcry.com/articles/70-vietnamese-names-for-girls-and-boys/
• Anna. (2011, July 30). 13 – How to Address People and Yourself in Vietnamese. Seahorse Viet. https://seahorseviet.wordpress.com/2011/07/30/13-how-to-address-people-and-yourself-in-vietnamese/
• Anna. (2013, January 3). ALESN Vietnamese Class – Handout 1 Introduction to Vietnamese: “You” and “I.” Seahorse Viet. https://seahorseviet.wordpress.com/2013/01/03/introduction-to-vietnamese-you-and-i/
• Australia New Zealand Policing Advisory Agency. (2022). Religious and Spiritual Diversity Guide for Operational Police (4th ed.). https://www.anzpaa.org.au/homepage-announcements/religious-and-spiritual-diversity-guide-for-operational-police-4th-edition-released
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021a). 4-digit level ANCP Ancestry Multi Response by Australia (UR) (No. 2021 Census of Population and Housing) [Data set]. ABS Census TableBuilder.
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021b). People in Australia who were born in Vietnam [Data set]. 2021 Census Country of birth QuickStats. https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/5105_AUS
• Baldassar, L., Pyke, J., & Ben-Moshe, D. (2017). The Vietnamese in Australia: Diaspora identity, intra-group tensions, transnational ties and “victim” status. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 43(6), 937–955. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1274565
• Bao, T. N. (2012, January 24). Color Connotations in the Vietnamese Culture. The Bảohouse. https://baohouse.net/post/16435862965/color-connotations-in-the-vietnamese-culture
• Bowker, J. (2003). The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions. Oxford University Press.
• Bui, D. (2014, May 21). Very Superstitious: 3 Popular Vietnamese Superstitions. Saigoneer. https://saigoneer.com/saigon-culture/1997-very-superstitious-3-popular-vietnamese-superstitions
• Bui, N. S. (2023). Governing Buddhism in Vietnam. In T. Ginsburg & B. Schonthal (Eds.), Buddhism and Comparative Constitutional Law (pp. 272–284). Cambridge University Press.
• Bui, Q. N. (2015, May 26). Brief Introduction of Tu An Hieu Nghia Faith. Vietnam Government Committee For Religious Affairs. https://religion.vn/religion/brief-introduction-of-tu-an-hieu-nghia-faith-post9DR3AB5qLp.html
• Buswell, R. E., & Lopez, D. S. (Eds.). (2014). The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton University Press.
• Buttinger, J., Hickey, G. C., Osborne, M. E., Duiker, W. J., Jamieson, N. L., & Turley, W. S. (2024, July 13). Vietnam—Ethnic Groups. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Vietnam/Ethnic-groups
• Central Intelligence Agency. (2024, July 10). Vietnam. The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/
• Chung, H. V. (2023). Religion in Contemporary Vietnam. In J. D. London (Ed.), Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Vietnam (1st ed., pp. 502–514). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315762302-38
• Clarke, P. B. (2005). Hoa Hao Movement. In P. B. Clarke (Ed.), Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements (pp. 270–271). Routledge.
• Commisceo Global Consulting. (2019). Vietnam—Culture, Etiquette and Business Practices. COMMISCEO Global. https://www.commisceo-global.com/resources/country-guides/vietnam-guide
• Condominas, G. (2005). Vietnamese Religion. In L. Jones (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Religion (2nd ed., Vol. 14, pp. 9590–9595). Macmillan Reference USA.
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• Dang, L. (2023, November 9). 100+ Popular Vietnamese Names And Nicknames. Ling. https://ling-app.com/vi/vietnamese-names/
• Dart, K. (2021, January 14). Greetings and Personal Pronouns in Vietnamese. Vietnamese Language Blog. https://blogs.transparent.com/vietnamese/greetings-and-personal-pronouns-in-vietnamese/
• Department of Education. (2021). International Education Student Numbers 2002-2021 [Time series graph]. Australian Government. https://internationaleducation.gov.au/research/datavisualisations/Pages/Student-number.aspx
• Department of Education & PRISMS. (2023, November 16). International student numbers by country, by state and territory. Australian Government. https://www.education.gov.au/international-education-data-and-research/international-student-numbers-country-state-and-territory
• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2022). DFAT Country Information Report: Vietnam [Revised Report]. Australian Government. https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-vietnam.pdf
• Department of Home Affairs. (2024). Vietnam-born Community Information Summary (Census of Population and Housing 2021, Country Data Summary). Commonwealth of Australia. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2021-cis-vietnam.pdf.PDF
• DeVido, E. A. (2012). Buddhism in Vietnam. In C. Bruntz (Ed.), Oxford Bibliographies: Buddhism. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0015
• Do, T. L. P. (2015). Vietnamese and Australian Interpretations of Silence: Similarities, Differences and Accommodation [Doctoral thesis, University of Queensland]. https://doi.org/10.14264/uql.2015.294
• Dresser, N. (1996). Multicultural Manners: New Rules of Etiquette for a Changing Society. J. Wiley & Sons.
• Editors of Encyclopaedia. (2018, February 12). Cao Dai. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Cao-Dai
• Evans, J., Cooperman, A., Starr, K. J., Corichi, M., Miner, W., & Lesage, K. (2024). Religion and Spirituality in East Asian Societies [Report]. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2024/06/17/religion-and-spirituality-in-east-asian-societies/
• Ferdinand, A. S., Paradies, Y., & Kelaher, M. (2015). Mental health impacts of racial discrimination in Australian culturally and linguistically diverse communities: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 401. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1661-1
• Fjelstad, K., & Nguyen, T. H. (2011). Spirits without Borders: Vietnamese Spirit Mediums in a Transnational Age (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230119703
• Global Directions Inc. (1995, August 1). Vietnamese Names. ThingsAsian. http://thingsasian.com/story/vietnamese-names
• Goldman, C. (2009). Vietnamese Cultural Profile (Queensland Partners in Culturally Appropriate Care (PICAC)) [Information Booklet]. Diversicare & PICAC. https://www.diversicare.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Vietnamese.pdf
• Greenwalt, P. (2023). Country Update: Religious Freedom Conditions in Vietnam in 2023 [Report]. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. https://www.uscirf.gov/publications/vietnam-country-update
• Haivenu Vietnam. (2011a). Vietnamese Social Customs and Cultural Practices. https://haivenu-vietnam.com/about-vietnam/vietnamese-social-customs-and-cultural-practices
• Haivenu Vietnam. (2011b). Vietnamese Taboos. Haivenu-Vietnam.Com - The Vietnam Experience: Adventures That Inspire. https://haivenu-vietnam.com/about-vietnam/vietnamese-taboos
• Hartney, C. H. (2010). Vietnam. In J. G. Melton & M. Baumann (Eds.), Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices (2nd ed., Vol. 6, pp. 1998–2002). ABC-CLIO.
• Hays, J. (2014, May). Cao Dai and Hoa Hao religions: The beliefs, history and military wings. Facts and Details. https://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Vietnam/sub5_9d/entry-3379.html#chapter-4
• Hoang, C. V. (2017). New Religions and State’s Response to Religious Diversification in Contemporary Vietnam. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-58500-0
• Hoang, L. A., & Yeoh, B. S. A. (2011). Breadwinning Wives and “Left-Behind” Husbands: Men and Masculinities in the Vietnamese Transnational Family. Gender & Society, 25(6), 717–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243211430636
• Hofstede Insights. (2024). Country Comparison Tool: Vietnam. The Culture Factor Group. https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison-tool?countries=vietnam
• Hoskins, J. (2015). The Divine Eye and the Diaspora: Vietnamese Syncretism Becomes Transpacific Caodaism. University of Hawai’i Press. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/5/monograph/book/39347
• Hoskins, J. A. (2011). What are Vietnam’s Indigenous Religions? Newsletter of the Center for Southeast Asian Studies, 64, 3–7.
• Huynh, H., Le, S., & Family Lawyer Team. (2024). Divorce Rate in Vietnam: Trends and Legal Aspects. Family Lawyers. https://familylawyers.vn/divorce-rate-in-vietnam/
• Indochina Refugee Association (Queensland). (1986). Refugees’ Experiences of Anti-Asian Sentiment in the Brisbane Area (Discussion Paper No. No. 9; 1981-86 Human Rights Commission). Australian Human Rights Commission. https://humanrights.gov.au/sites/default/files/HRC_DP9.pdf
• Institute of Labour Science and Social Affairs. (2022). Labour and Social Trends in Viet Nam 2021, Outlook to 2030 [Report]. International Labour Organization. https://www.ilo.org/publications/labour-and-social-trends-viet-nam-2021-outlook-2030
• International Labour Organization. (2021). Gender and the labour market in Viet Nam: An analysis based on the Labour Force Survey [Research Brief]. https://www.ilo.org/publications/gender-and-labour-market-viet-nam
• Jammes, J. (2009). Caodaism and its global networks: An Ethnological Analysis of a Vietnamese Religious Movement in Vietnam and abroad. Moussons (Marseille), 13(13–14), 339–358. https://doi.org/10.4000/moussons.1100
• Jammes, J. (2012). Cao Dai. In M. Juergensmeyer & W. C. Roof (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Global Religion. SAGE Publications.
• John Cooke Investigations. (1999, December 27). It’s All In a Name – Vietnamese Names. The John Cooke Fraud Report. https://johncookeinvestigations.com/1999/12/27/whats-in-a-name-vietnamese-names/
• Julian, G. (2019, December 27). “Hello” in Vietnamese: 10 Vietnamese Greetings You Can Start Using Today. Fluent in 3 Months. https://www.fluentin3months.com/hello-in-vietnamese/
• Keown, D. (2004). A Dictionary of Buddhism (1st ed.). Oxford University Press.
• Khuat, T. H., Bui, T. H., & Le, B. D. (2014). “To be Good at Public and Domestic Work, I Need Three Heads and Six Hands”: The Dilemma of Vietnamese “Modern” Women. In E. Ochiai & K. Aoyama, Asian Women and Intimate Work (Vol. 3, pp. 167–188). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004258082_008
• Kingsley Malarney, S. (2001). Vietnam. In M. Ember & C. R. Ember (Eds.), Countries and Their Cultures: Saint Kitts and Nevis to Zimbabwe (Vol. 4, pp. 2415–2431). Macmillan Reference USA; Advameg. https://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Vietnam.html
• Korinek, K., Loebach, P., & Teerawichitchainan, B. (2017). Physical and Mental Health Consequences of War-related Stressors Among Older Adults: An Analysis of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Arthritis in Northern Vietnamese War Survivors. Journals of Gerontology - Series B, 72(6), 1090–1102. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbv157
• LaBorde, P., Doan, O., & Gruen, S. (2010, December). Vietnamese: Cultural Profile. EthnoMed. https://ethnomed.org/culture/vietnamese/
• Lewis, R. D. (2006). When Cultures Collide: Leading Across Cultures (3rd ed.). Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
• Lin, Y.-Y., Swanson, D. P., & Rogge, R. D. (2021). The Three Teachings of East Asia (TTEA) Inventory: Developing and Validating a Measure of the Interrelated Ideologies of Confucianism, Buddhism, and Taoism. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626122
• Livingstone, E. A. (Ed.). (2014). Christianity in Vietnam. In The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
• Lockard, C. A. (1994). The Unexplained Miracle: Reflections on Vietnamese National Identity and Survival. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 29(1–2), 10–35. https://doi.org/10.1163/156852194X00027
• Locke, C., Thi Thanh Tam, N., & Thi Ngan Hoa, N. (2014). Mobile householding and marital dissolution in Vietnam: An inevitable consequence? Geoforum, 51, 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.03.002
• Luu, T. Q. (2010). Changes and Challenges to Vietnamese Buddhism in Australia. In C. Rocha & M. Barker (Eds.), Buddhism in Australia: Traditions in Change (1st ed., pp. 134–139). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203840320
• Mellor, D. (2004). The experiences of Vietnamese in Australia: The racist tradition continues. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 30(4), 631–658. https://doi.org/10.1080/13691830410001699496
• Migrant Information Centre (Eastern Melbourne). (2022). Vietnamese Cultural Profile [Fact sheet]. https://miceastmelb.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Vietnamese-Cultural-Profile-2022.pdf
• Minority Rights Group. (2018). Vietnam. Minority Rights Group. https://minorityrights.org/country/vietnam/
• Motamedi, J. G., Jaffery, Z., Hagen, A., & Yoon, S. Y. (2017). Getting It Right: Reference Guides for Registering Students with Non-English Names (2nd ed.). U.S. Department of Education, Institute of Education Sciences, National Center for Education Evaluation and Regional Assistance, Regional Educational Laboratory Northwest. https://ies.ed.gov/ncee/rel/Products/Region/northwest/Publication/3740
• Nghia, T. L. H. (2019). Motivations for Studying Abroad and Immigration Intentions: The Case of Vietnamese Students. Journal of International Students, 9(3), 758–776. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v0i0.731
• Ngo, P. N., & Guerin, B. (2017). Historical and social contexts for confronting racism: Contextualising racism experiences across two generations of Vietnamese Australians. Australian Community Psychologist, 28(2), 36–55. https://psychology.org.au/aps/media/acp/acp-vol28-issue2-2017-phungngocngo.pdf
• Ngô, T. T. T. (2016). The New Way: Protestantism and the Hmong in Vietnam. University of Washington Press.
• Nguyen, C. H. (2022). Reasons for migration among Vietnamese professional migrants in Australia. Migration and Development, 11(3), 1144–1161. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2021.1877945
• Nguyen, C. T. (2003). Vietnam. In R. E. Buswell (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Buddhism (Vol. 2, pp. 879–883). Macmillan Reference USA.
• Nguyen, D. (1985). Culture Shock – A Review of Vietnamese Culture and Its Concepts of Health and Disease. Western Journal of Medicine, 142(3), 409–412. http://europepmc.org/abstract/MED/3993022
• Nguyen, H. C. N. (Ed.). (2024). Routledge Handbook of the Vietnamese Diaspora (1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003036104
• Nguyen, W. (2021, September 1). The Tumultuous And Tragic History Of Hoa Hao Buddhism. The Vietnamese Magazine. https://www.thevietnamese.org/2021/08/the-tumultuous-and-tragic-history-of-hoa-hao-buddhism/
• Nosowitz, D. (2017, March 29). Why 40% of Vietnamese People Have the Same Last Name. Atlas Obscura. https://getpocket.com/explore/item/why-40-of-vietnamese-people-have-the-same-last-name
• Nunn, C. (2017). Negotiating national (non)belongings: Vietnamese Australians in ethno/multicultural Australia. Identities, 24(2), 216–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/1070289X.2015.1096273
• Office of International Religious Freedom. (2023). 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam. United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/
• Offroad Vietnam. (2006). Superstitions, Vietnam Tradition, Custom. https://offroadvietnam.com/vietnam-info/customs-and-rites/superstitions
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• Pew Research Center. (2015). The Future of World Religions: Population Growth Projections, 2010-2050. Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2015/04/02/religious-projections-2010-2050/
• Pham, T. H. N. (2008). Vietnamese Politeness in Vietnamese—Anglo-cultural Interactions: A Confucian Perspective [Doctoral thesis, University of Queensland]. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/117580
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• Thompson, D. (2022). Vietnam, Christianity in. In A. Louth (Ed.), The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
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• Tran, L. T., Bui, H., Tan, G., & Rahimi, M. (2022). “It is not O.K to think that you are good just because you have graduated from overseas”: Agency and contextual factors affecting Vietnamese returning graduates. International Migration, 60(6), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12954
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• Tran, T. M. T. (2021). Complex transformation of divorce in Vietnam under the forces of modernization and individualism. International Journal of Asian Studies, 18(2), 225–245. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1479591421000024
• Tran, T. T.-T. (2022, March 7). For young Vietnamese in Australia, ancestor worshipping is a fading ancient custom—And some experts are worried. ABC News. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-03-07/vietnamese-ancestor-worship-altars-fading-custom-australia/100795004
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