American Culture

The primary author of this profile was Nina Evason (2016), with successive research and edits were made in 2021. The Religion section was authored by Chara Scroope (2019).

• Abrams, S. J. (2019). The American Dream Is Alive and Well. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/05/opinion/american-dream.html
• Ajrouch, K. J. (2016). Gender, Race, and Symbolic Boundaries: Contested Spaces of Identity among Arab American Adolescents. Sociological Perspectives, 47(4): 371-391.
• Allen, W. B. and McGuire, S. F. (2020). Liberty and American National Character: A Symposium. Perspectives on PoliticalScience, 49(4): 230-232. Retrieved from https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10457097.2020.1794736?scroll=top&needAccess=true
• Amadeo, K. (2020). Largest Economies in the World. Retrieved from https://www.thebalance.com/world-s-largest-economy-3306044
• American Enterprise Institute. (2019). AEI Survey on Community and Society: Social capital, civic health, and quality of life in the United States. Retrieved from https://www.aei.org/research-products/report/aei-survey-on-community-and-society-social-capital-civic-health-and-quality-of-life-in-the-united-states/
• Austin, A. (2013). Native Americans and Jobs: The Challenge and the Promise. Retrieved from https://www.epi.org/publication/bp370-native-americans-jobs/#:~:text=Despite%20these%20positive%20developments%2C%20however,States'%20most%20economically%20disadvantaged%20populations.&text=As%20has%20long%20been%20the,their%20jobless%20rates%20are%20high
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2017). Census 2016, Country of Birth of Person by Sex (SA2+) [Data set]. http://stat.data.abs.gov.au/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ABS_C16_T06_SA
• Bains, G. (2015). Cultural DNA: The Psychology of Globalisation. John Wiley & Sons.
• Batalova, J. & Zong, J. (2016). Frequently Requested Statistics on Immigrants and Immigration in the United States. Retrieved from http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/frequently-requested-statistics-immigrants-and-immigration-united-states
• Berman, J. (2015). Millennial Women Are More Educated Than Men, But Are Still Paid Less. Retrieved from https://statusofwomendata.org/coverage/millennial-women-are-more-educated-than-men-but-are-still-paid-less/
• Berry, D. (2017). American slavery: Separating fact from myth. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/american-slavery-separating-fact-from-myth-79620
• Bowman, C. D. (2012). Culture of American Families: A National Survey. Charlottesville (USA): Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture. Retrieved from http://www.iasc-culture.org/survey_archives/IASC_CAF_Survey.pdf
• Bowman, K. (2019). The American Family Today. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/bowmanmarsico/2019/02/04/the-american-family-today/#254442097a28
• Brenan, M. (2020). U.S. National Pride Falls to Record Low. Retrieved from https://news.gallup.com/poll/312644/national-pride-falls-record-low.aspx
• Budiman, A. & Ruiz, N. G. (2021a). Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial or ethnic group in the U.S. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/09/asian-americans-are-the-fastest-growing-racial-or-ethnic-group-in-the-u-s/
• Budiman, A. & Ruiz, N. G. (2021b). Key facts about Asian Americans, a diverse and growing population. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/29/key-facts-about-asian-americans/
• Byron, E. (2019). How the Definition of an American Family Has Changed. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-definition-of-an-american-family-has-changed-11576418401
• Carracedo, J. (2016). US social customs: Traditions and habits. Retrieved from https://www.justlanded.com/english/United-States/Articles/Culture/US-social-customs
• CDC/NCHS National Vital Statistics System. (2018). Provisional number of divorces and annulments and rate: United States, 2000-2018. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/national-marriage-divorce-rates-00-18.pdf
• Central Intelligence Agency. (2017). The World Factbook: United States. Retrieved from https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html
• Chalfant, E. (2018). Atheism in America. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Retrieved from https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-420
• Chetty, R., Grusky, D., Hell, M., Hendren, N., Manduca, R., & Narang, J. (2017). The fading American dream: Trends in absolute income mobility since 1940. Science, 356(6336): 398-406.
• Cox, D., & Jones, R. P. (2016). America’s Changing Religious Identity. Washington: Public Religion Research Institute. Retrieved from https://www.prri.org/research/american-religious-landscape-christian-religiously-unaffiliated/
• Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. (2019). International Migration 2019: Report (ST/ESA/SER.A/438). United Nations. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/publications/migrationreport/docs/InternationalMigration2019_Report.pdf
• Department of Home Affairs. (2018). United States of America-born Community Information Summary. Retrieved from https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-united-states-of-america.PDF
• Department of Immigration and Citizenship. (2015). Community Information Summary: United States of America-born. Retrieved from https://www.dss.gov.au/sites/default/files/documents/02_2014/usa.pdf
• Department of State Foreign Service Institute. (n.d.). So You’re An American?: A Guide To Answering Difficult Questions Abroad. Retrieved from https://www.state.gov/courses/answeringdifficultquestions/assets/m/resources/DifficultQuestions-
• Doane, M. (2001). United States of America. In M. Ember & C. R. Ember (Eds.), Countries and Their Cultures: Saint Kitts and Nevis to Zimbabwe (Vol. 4, pp. 2342–2361). Macmillan Reference USA; Advameg. https://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/United-States-of-America.html
• eDiplomat. (2016). United States. Retrieved from http://www.ediplomat.com/np/cultural_etiquette/ce_us.htm
• eduPASS. (2016). Social Customs and Cultural Differences. Retrieved from http://www.edupass.org/culture/
• Edwards, J. A. (2018). Make America Great Again: Donald Trump and Redefining the U.S. Role in the World. Communication Quarterly, 66(2): 176-195.
• Emmons, W., Kent, A. H., & Ricketts, L. R. (2018). The Demographics of Wealth 2018 Series. Center for Household Financial Stability, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved from https://www.stlouisfed.org/~/media/files/pdfs/hfs/essays/hfs_essay3_2018.pdf?la=en
• Facing History and Ourselves. (2020). Religion in Colonial America: Trends, Regulations and Beliefs. Retrieved from https://www.facinghistory.org/nobigotry/religion-colonial-america-trends-regulations-and-beliefs
• Fitzgerald, S. (2015). Gallup: 9 in 10 Americans ‘Proud’ of Their Country. Retrieved from http://www.newsmax.com/Newsfront/gallup-poll-patriotism-july-4/2015/07/03/id/653378/
• Foner, E. (2018). The Idea of Freedom in American History. New York: NY: Columbia University. Retrieved from http://www2.law.columbia.edu/law_culture/Faclunch_sp04/Foner_Feb26.pdf
• Foreman, J. (2006). The Pocket Book of Patriotism. New York: Sterling Publishing.
• Frances McClelland Institute. (n.d.). Cultural Differences in Parenting Practices: What Asian American Families Can Teach Us. Retrieved from https://mcclellandinstitute.arizona.edu/sites/mcclellandinstitute.arizona.edu/files/ResearchLink_2.1_Russell_AsianFam.pdf
• Freese, P. (2008). American National Identity in a Globalized World as a Topic in the Advanced EFL-Classroom. American Studies Journal, 51. Retrieved from http://www.asjournal.org/51-2008/american-national-identity-in-a-globalized-world/
• Fry, R. (2019). The number of people in the average U.S. household is going up for the first time in over 160 years. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/10/01/the-number-of-people-in-the-average-u-s-household-is-going-up-for-the-first-time-in-over-160-years/
• Gleason, P. (1980). American Identity and Americanization. In S. Thernstrom (ed.), Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups. Cambridge, Mass and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
• Global Affairs Canada. (2014). Cultural Information - United States of America. Retrieved from https://www.international.gc.ca/cil-cai/country_insights-apercus_pays/ci-ic_us.aspx?lang=eng#cn-1
• Graham, C. (2017). Is the American dream really dead? Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/jun/20/is-the-american-dream-really-dead
• Guzzo, K. B. (2014). Trends in Cohabitation Outcomes: Compositional Changes and Engagement Among Never‐Married Young Adults. Journal of Marriage and Family, 76(4): 826-842. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jomf.12123
• Hatemi, P., Plutzer, E. and Berkman, M. (2019). There are many ways to be patriotic. The McCourtney Institute for Democracy. Retrieved from https://democracy.psu.edu/poll-report-archive/there-are-many-ways-to-be-patriotic/
• Health Network Solutions. (2006). Understanding Different Cultures. Retrieved from https://www.healthnetworksolutions.net/index.php/understanding-different-cultures#Black
• Hertzke, A. D., Olson, L. R., den Dulk, K. R., & Fowler, R. B. (2019). Religion and Politics in America: Faith, Culture, and Strategic Choices. New York: Routledge.
• History.Com Editors. (2021). Slavery in America. Retrieved from https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/slavery
• Hladky, K. (2010). Islam in North America. In C. H. Lippy & P. W. Williams (eds.), Encyclopedia of Religion in America. Washington: CQ Press.
• Hofstede, G. (2016). United States. Retrieved from https://geert-hofstede.com/united-states.html
• Horowitz, J. M., Brown, A. & Cox, K. (2019). Race in America 2019. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/04/09/race-in-america-2019/
• Immihelp. (2016). American Culture and Behaviour. Retrieved from http://www.immihelp.com/newcomer/american-culture-and-behavior.html
• Ipsos Public Affairs. (2016). Yoga in America Study. Retrieved from https://www.yogaalliance.org/Portals/0/2016%20Yoga%20in%20America%20Study%20RESULTS.pdf
• IWPR. (2013). Figure 4.3. Educational Attainment Among Women by Race and Ethnicity, Aged 25 and Older, United States, 2013. Retrieved from https://statusofwomendata.org/explore-the-data/poverty-opportunity/poverty-and-opportunity-full-section/#Gender%20Differences%20in%20Fields%20of%20Study
• Iyer, R., Koleva, S., Graham, J., Ditto, P. and Haidt, J. (2012). Understanding Libertarian Morality: The Psychological Dispositions of Self-Identified Libertarians. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42366. Retrieved from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0042366
• Jaynes, G. D. (2018). A Behavioural Interpretation of the Origins of African American Family Structure. Yale University: New Haven Connecticut. Retrieved from https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d21/d2156.pdf
• Jocks, C., & Sullivan, L. E. (2007). Native American Religions. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American-religion
• Keating, J. (2010). Are Americans too Constitution obsessed?. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2010/09/24/are-americans-too-constitution-obsessed/
• Kershaw, M. (2018). How National Identity Influences US Foreign Policy. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2018/08/07/how-national-identity-influences-us-foreign-policy/
• Kirsch, A. (2019). American Patriotism Is Worth Fighting For. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved from https://www.wsj.com/articles/american-patriotism-is-worth-fighting-for-11571413398
• Knop, B. (2020). One in Six Children Live With a Half Sibling Under 18. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2020/01/more-children-live-with-half-siblings-than-previously-thought.html
• Korelitz, S. (1997). The Menorah Idea: From Religion to Culture, From Race to Ethnicity. American Jewish History, 85(1): 75-100.
• Kramer, S. (2019). U.S. has world’s highest rate of children living in single-parent households. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/12/12/u-s-children-more-likely-than-children-in-other-countries-to-live-with-just-one-parent/
• Krogstad, J. M. (2014). 5 facts about the modern American family. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/04/30/5-facts-about-the-modern-american-family/
• Kumar. (2010). Etiquette in US – How People Greet, Gestures, Thank you, Sorry?. Retrieved from https://redbus2us.com/how-people-greet-in-usa-etiquette-in-us/
• Levitz, E. (2019). American Exceptionalism Is a Dangerous Myth. Retrieved from https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/01/american-exceptionalism-is-a-dangerous-myth.html
• Lipka, M. (2015). 10 facts about religion in America. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/08/27/10-facts-about-religion-in-america/
• Living America. (n.d.). American Cultural Attitudes. Retrieved from http://www.vidaamericana.com/english/culture.html
• Lucia, A. (2017). Hinduism in America. Oxford Research Encyclopedias. Retrieved from https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-436
• Lumen Learning. (n.d.). The Class Structure in the U.S. Retrieved from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/the-class-structure-in-the-u-s/
• Marsden, P., Reed, J., Kennedy, M., & Stinson, K. (1982). American Regional Cultures and Differences in Leisure Time Activities. Social Forces, 60(4): 1023-1049. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/2577876?seq=1
• Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Osterman, M. J. K. & Driscoll, A. K. (2019). Births: Final Data for 2018. National Vital Statistics Report, 68(13): 1-47. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf
• Miller, C. C. (2018). Americans Value Equality at Work More Than Equality at Home. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/upshot/americans-value-equality-at-work-more-than-equality-at-home.html
• Miller, C. C. (2020). Young Men Embrace Gender Equality, but They Still Don’t Vacuum. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/11/upshot/gender-roles-housework.html
• Morales, X. (2020). Patriots may be Dying, but Patriotism is Still Alive. Harvard Political Review. Retrieved from https://harvardpolitics.com/patriots-dying-patriotism-alive/
• Museum Victoria Australia. (n.d.). History of immigration from United States. Retrieved from https://museumsvictoria.com.au/origins/history.aspx?pid=66&cat=NONE&cid=0
• National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. (2012). Overweight and Obesity Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/health-statistics/Pages/overweight-obesity-statistics.aspx
• Norris, P., & Inglehart, R. (2011). The Puzzle of Secularization in the United States and Western Europe. In Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Nye, J. S. (2020). American exceptionalism in the age of Trump. Retrieved from https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/american-exceptionalism-in-the-age-of-trump/
• Parker, K., Graf, N. & Igielnik, R. (2019). Generation Z Looks a Lot Like Millennials on Key Social and Political Issues. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2019/01/17/generation-z-looks-a-lot-like-millennials-on-key-social-and-political-issues/
• Pauls, E. (2018). Native American history. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Native-American/Native-American-history#ref273137
• Pennsylvania State University. (2021). Guide to American Culture and Etiquette. Retrieved from https://harrisburg.psu.edu/international-student-support-services/guide-american-culture-etiquette
• Perkins, K. M., Kurtis, T. and Velazquez, L. (2020). What it means to be “one of us”: Discourses of national identity in the United States. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 78:43-52.
• Pew Research Center. (2013). A Portrait of Jewish Americans. Retrieved from https://www.pewforum.org/2013/10/01/jewish-american-beliefs-attitudes-culture-survey/
• Pew Research Center. (2014). Religious Landscape Study. Retrieved from https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/
• Pew Research Center. (2015a). Parenting in America: Outlook, worries, aspirations are strongly linked to financial situation. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/12/17/3-parenting-approaches-and-concerns/
• Pew Research Center. (2015b). The American family today. Retrieved from https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2015/12/17/1-the-american-family-today/
• Pew Research Center. (2017a). The Partisan Divide on Political Values Grows Even Wider. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2017/10/05/the-partisan-divide-on-political-values-grows-even-wider/
• Pew Research Center. (2017b). U.S. Muslims Concerned About Their Place in Society, but Continue to Believe in the American Dream. Retrieved from https://www.pewforum.org/2017/07/26/findings-from-pew-research-centers-2017-survey-of-us-muslims/
• Picchi, A. (2019, September 26). America’s white working class is the smallest it’s ever been. CBS News. Retrieved from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/americas-white-working-class-is-the-smallest-its-ever-been/
• Poirier, L. J. M. (2010). Native American Religions. In C. H. Lippy & P. W. Williams (eds.), Encyclopedia of Religion in America. Washington: CQ Press.
• Prince, Z. (2016). Census BureauL Higher percentage of Black Children Live with Single Mothers. Retrieved from https://afro.com/census-bureau-higher-percentage-black-children-live-single-mothers/
• Proquest. (2017). Culture Gram: United States of America. Michigan: ProQuest.
• Ramey, S. (2010). Hinduism in North America. In C. H. Lippy & P. W. Williams (eds.), Encyclopedia of Religion in America. Washington: CQ Press.
• Rosenwaike, I. (2013). Leading Surnames Among American Jews. A Journal of Onomastics, 38(1-2): 31-38.
• Sedensky, Ma. (2017). AP-NORC Poll: Political Divide over American Identity. U.S. News and World Report. Retrieved from https://www.usnews.com/news/ politics/articles/2017-03-06/ap-norc-poll-political-divide-over-american-identity
• Shapiro, E. S. (2010). Judaism: Jewish Identity. In C. H. Lippy & P. W. Williams (eds.), Encyclopedia of Religion in America. Washington: CQ Press.
• Silver, C. (2020). The Top 25 World Economies. Retrieved from https://www.investopedia.com/insights/worlds-top-economies/
• Smith, S. (2017). Most think the ‘American dream’ is within reach for them. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/10/31/most-think-the-american-dream-is-within-reach-for-them/
• Spencer, C. (2014). American Exceptionalism: Exemplifying Patriotism and Justifying Imperialism. Retrieved from https://www.e-ir.info/2014/08/01/american-exceptionalism-exemplifying-patriotism-and-justifying-imperialism/
• Status of Women in the States. (2015). Poverty and opportunity. Retrieved from https://statusofwomendata.org/explore-the-data/poverty-opportunity/
• Stokes. B. (2017). Global Publics More Upbeat About the Economy. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/06/05/global-publics-more-upbeat-about-the-economy/
• Stone, L. (2015). Headed to the Land Down Under. Retrieved from https://medium.com/migration-issues/why-americans-are-leaving-for-the-land-down-under-75bad6dfba39
• Swales, V. (2019, December 15). When the O.K. Sign Is No Longer O.K. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/15/us/ok-sign-white-power.html
• Swift, A. (2015). Smaller Majority “Extremely Proud” to Be an American. Retrieved from http://www.gallup.com/poll/183911/smaller-majority-extremely-proud-american.aspx?utm_source=Politics&utm_medium=newsfeed&utm_campaign=tiles
• Tamir, C. (2021). The Growing Diversity of Black America. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2021/03/25/the-growing-diversity-of-black-america/
• The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2019). Constitution of the United States of America. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/Constitution-of-the-United-States-of-America/Civil-liberties-and-the-Bill-of-Rights
• The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2020). American colonies. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/American-colonies
• The White House. (2021). The Constitution. Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/about-the-white-house/our-government/the-constitution/#:~:text=The%20First%20Amendment%20provides%20that,the%20right%20to%20bear%20arms
• Thorsett, L. & Kiley, J. (2017). Most Americans say the U.S. is among the greatest countries in the world. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/06/30/most-americans-say-the-u-s-is-among-the-greatest-countries-in-the-world/
• Todd, M. (2013). The Traditional American Family Has Been Outsourced. Retrieved from https://psmag.com/the-traditional-american-family-has-been-outsourced-ce6cc5d12742#.f9c00up37
• Transparency International. (2017). Corruption Perceptions Index 2016. Retrieved from http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016
• Trip Advisor. (2015). United States: Customs, Habits, and Etiquette. Retrieved from https://www.tripadvisor.com.au/Travel-g191-c3541/United-States:Customs.Habits.And.Etiquette.html
• United States Census Bureau. (2015). QuickFacts - United States. Retrieved from http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/PST045215/00
• United States Census Bureau. (2017). Language Spoken At Home: 2017 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates [Data Set]. Retrieved from https://archive.vn/20200214011034/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_17_1YR_S1601&prodType=table
• United States Census Bureau. (2019a). About Hispanic Origin. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/topics/population/hispanic-origin/about.html
• United States Census Bureau. (2019b). American Community Survey Demographic and Housing Estimates. Retrieved from https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=united%20states&g=0100000US&hidePreview=false&tid=ACSDP5Y2018.DP05&vintage=2018&cid=DP05_0001E
• United States Census Bureau. (2019c). Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race. Retrieved from https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=B03002&g=0100000US&tid=ACSDT1Y2019.B03002&hidePreview=true
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• Urofsky, M. I. (2021). Jim Crow law. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved fromhttps://www.britannica.com/event/Jim-Crow-law
• Vanorman, A. & Jacobsen, L. A. (2020). U.S. Household Composition Shifts as the Population Grows Older; More Young Adults Live With Parents. Retrieved from https://www.prb.org/u-s-household-composition-shifts-as-the-population-grows-older-more-young-adults-live-with-parents/
• Walt, S. M. (2011). The Myth of American Exceptionalism. Foreign Policy. Retrieved from https://foreignpolicy.com/2011/10/11/the-myth-of-american-exceptionalism/
• Wang, W. (2014). Record share of wives are more educated than their husbands. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/02/12/record-share-of-wives-are-more-educated-than-their-husbands/
• Weaver, G. R. (2001). American Cultural Values. Retrieved from http://trends.gmfus.org/doc/mmf/American%20Cultural%20Values.pdf
• Widmer, M. A. and Erickson, B. M. (2017). Understanding American Identity: An Introduction. Master’s Thesis: Naval Postgraduate School. Retrieved from https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/1053508.pdf
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• Zachwieja, A. S. (2017). A Quick Guide To Business Etiquette In The United States. Retrieved from https://globig.co/blog/a-quick-guide-to-business-etiquette-in-the-united-states/